LIFE.....????BLACK??????? which one u have.....???

LIFE ??? FULL OF CONFUSION......FULL OF BLACK COLOURS....FULL OF BLACK MOMENTS......ANYWAY ENJOY IT.....

A GLIMPSE TO BLACK BACTERIA...

Billion year-old bacteria. Credit: BBC Bacteria. Mars. You might not see much of a relationship between the two terms. But according to leading scientists from the Mars Society and other organizations, bacteria are as important to Mars as bacteria in our stomachs or in our medicine or even our beer. They played a leading role in the first ecosystem on Earth and will do so again on the red planet. The simple fact is that without bacteria, Mars will never be terraformed.
Bacteria can be supplied with Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus, the basic components in biochemistry and all in abundance on Mars. Carbon can be found in the copious supply of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Oxygen can be found almost anywhere, mainly in carbon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide (rust), water, or the very little bit in the present Martian atmosphere. Hydrogen could be found in underground aquifers of water, two miles underground. Nitrogen can be found in the Martian soil and so can phosphorus. These amounts should be sufficient to substance our bacteria and then later, plants and animals.
There are several types of bacteria. There are aerobic bacteria that require oxygen to survive, and anaerobic bacteria that can live with or without oxygen. Obviously on Mars with very little oxygen present, anaerobic bacteria will be the bacteria of choice. Next are heterotrophic bacteria that use other organisms for energy and autotrophs that produce their own food through photosynthesis. With sunlight readily available on the surface, autotrophs will most likely be used. Utilizing the Keener Black Chlorophyll theory, black bacteria would absorb much more energy than green ones. The red planet would become the black planet as billions of bacteria covered the entire surface.
So what would they do on the surface? They could pump water up from underground aquifers by the same way we drink water upside-down. By releasing diatomic Oxygen (O2, the kind we breathe) into the atmosphere, they would be making mars livable. On the other hand, if we would prefer, we could pump Triatomic Oxygen (O3, ozone) to heat the planet, or even a combination of both. Bacteria could also pump other Greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. They could also be used in life support to purify water and air.

Glow-in-the dark chain. Credit: Luxgene They could be used as a building material or could mine deep underground like they already do here on earth. Coral is a good example of a hard covering material manufactured in the depths of the ocean. If we laminated coral-like bacteria together in different layers I think we could build with them, like a growing concrete. They could also mine iron and aluminum for our use. We could use it as a building material or sell it on Earth as Mars' first trading export.
We could manufacture bacteria DNA to accomplish any of these tasks using biological engineering. This is a technique long used that stems back from the days when a horse and donkey were first combined to produce a stronger, more efficient mule. When combining traits from different organisms with bacterial DNA we would be doing the same thing. We would have to make bacteria divide and grow at a set pace, so as not to overrun the planet with our creations. Kim Stanley Robinson suggests manufacturing a "suicide gene" that would kick in whenever a bacteria reproduced x amount of times. In addition, we would have to make them interlock, like moss, and cling to the rocks, ground, and/or something so not to be blown away during a Martian dust storm.
One of the Surveyors sent to the moon was imperfectly sterilized. When we landed on the moon the Apollo astronauts brought back pieces of the craft and found that when fed on Earth, the Bacteria started to grow and thrive. Bacteria are the most adaptive and hardy organism known to man, and I see no reason why we could not make them survive on Mars.

BLACK DEATH...

The Black Death, or Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. It began in South-western or Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 20 million deaths in Europe alone. The Black Death is estimated to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population.[1][2]
The same disease is thought to have returned to Europe every generation with varying degrees of intensity and fatality until the 1700s. Notable later outbreaks include the Italian Plague of 1629-1631, the Great Plague of Seville (1647-1652), the Great Plague of London (1665–1666), the Great Plague of Vienna (1679), the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1722 and the 1771 plague in Moscow. There is some controversy over the identity of the disease, but in its virulent form it seems to have disappeared from Europe in the eighteenth century.
The Black Death had a drastic effect on Europe's population, irrevocably changing Europe's social structure. It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church, Europe's predominant religious institution at the time, and resulted in widespread persecution of minorities such as Jews, Muslims, foreigners, beggars and lepers. The uncertainty of daily survival created a general mood of morbidity influencing people to "live for the moment", as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353).
The initial fourteenth-century European event was called the "Great Mortality" by contemporary writers and, with later outbreaks, became known as the "Black Death." It has been popularly thought that the name came from a striking late stage sign of the disease, in which the sufferers' skin would blacken due to subepidermal haemorrhages (purpura), and extremities darken with gangrene (acral necrosis). However, the term most likely refers to the figurative sense of "black" (glum, lugubrious or dreadful).[3]
Because the Black Death was, according to historical accounts, characterized by buboes (swellings in lymph nodes), like the late nineteenth century Asian Bubonic plague, scientists and historians assumed at the beginning of the twentieth century that the Black Death was an outbreak of the same disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas with the help of animals like the black rat (Rattus rattus). However, this view has recently been questioned.[4][5]
Nevertheless, compelling descriptions of the clinical disease in literature, including well-researched if second-hand accounts in historical fiction (see Daniel Defoe's A Journal of the Plague Year), offer compelling description of the recognised disease — which in the context of such an epidemic, could be little else.

THE BLACK VALLEY : CHITWAN & NATIONAL PARK

Royal Chitwan National Park stands today as a successful testimony of nature conservation in South Asia. This is the first national park of Nepal established in 1973 to preserve a unique ecosystem significantly valuable to the whole world. The park covering a pristine area of 932 sq. km is situated in the subtropical inner Terai lowlands of southern central part of Nepal. The park has gained much wider recognition in the world when UNESCO included this area on the list of World Heritage Site in 1984.
Formerly, the Chitwan valley was well known for big game and was exclusively managed as a hunting reserve for the Rana Prime Ministers and their guests until 1950. In 1963, the area south of Rapti was demarcated as a rhinoceros sanctuary. In 1970, His late Majesty King Mahendra had approved in principle the creation of Royal Chitwan National Park.
The park consists of churia hills, ox-bow lakes, flood plains of Rapti, Reu and Narayani rivers. The Churia hill rises gradually towards the east from 150 m to over 800 m. The lower but most rugged Someshwor hills occupy most of the western portion of the park. The flood plains of Chitwan are rich alluvial. The park boundaries have been delineated by the Narayani and Rapti rivers in the north and west, and the Reu river and Someshwor hills in the south and south-west. It shares its eastern border with Parsa Wildlife Reserve.
Vegetation and Animals:
The Chitwan valley is characterized by tropical to subtropical forest. 70% of park vegetation is predominantly Sal ( Shorea robusta ) forest, a moist deciduous climax vegetation type of the Terai region. The remaining vegetation types include grassland (20%), riverine forest (7%) and Sal with Chirpine ( Pinus roxburghii ) (3%), the latter occurring at the top of the Churia range. The riverine forests mainly consists of khair, sissoo and simal. The simal is with spiny bark when young and develops buttress at the bottom in older stage. The grasslands form a diverse and complex community with over 50 species. The Sacchrum species, often called elephant-grass can reach 8 m in height. The shorter grasses such as Imperata is useful for thatch roofs.
There are more than 43 species of mammals in the park. The park is specially renowned for the protection of the endangered one-horned rhinoceros, tiger, gharial crocodile along with many other common species of wild animals. The estimated population of endangered species of animals such as gaur, wild elephant, four horned antelope, striped hyena, pangolin, gangetic dolphin, monitor lizard and python, etc.
Some of the other animals found in the park are samber, chital, hog deer, barking deer, sloth bear, common leopard, ratel, palm civet, wild dog, langur, rhesus monkey, etc.
There are over 450 species of birds in the park. Among the endangered birds found in the park are Bengal florican, giant hornbill, lesser florican, black stork and white stork, Few of the common birds seen are peafowl, red jungle fowl, and different species of egrets, herons, kingfishers, flycatchers and woodpeckers. The best time for bird watching is March and December.
More than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles occur in the park and some of which are marsh mugger crocodile, cobra, green pit viper and various species of frogs and tortoises.
The park is actively engaged in the scientific studies of several species of wild flora and fauna.
Seasons:
The park is under the tropical monsoon climate with relatively high humidity. The winter, spring and monsoon are the three main seasons. The cool winter season occurs from October to February. The spring begins in March and is soon followed by summer that ends in early June. The summer days are typically hot with 30 C on average day temperature. The monsoon usually begins at the end of June and continues until September. The mean annual rainfall is about 2150 mm and during this time of the year rivers are flooded and most of the roads are virtually closed.
How to Get There:
The park is accessible by car or bus on the Kathmandu-Mugling-Narayanghat Highway and or through Mahendra Rajmarg Highway from Hetauda. It is about 6 hour's drive from Kathmandu to Narayanghat. Local buses are available to Tadi Bazar which is about an hour drive form Narayanghat. A 6 km walk or bullockcart ride brings the visitors to Sauraha, the park entrance. Also air services from Kathmandu to Meghauli for US$82 each way and Bharatpur US$65 each way are available. Local buses are available form Narayanghat to Park HQ. Kasara.
Park Facilities:
Display Center, Kasara
Library at Kasara Sauraha
Visitor Center, Sauraha
Machans (View tower)
Activities:
Elephant ride
Canoeing
Guided jungle walk
Terai culture
Wildlife breeding projects
4WD safaris
Enrty fees into Royal Chitwan National Park:
National Park entry fee per person per day:
For Nepali Nationals Rs 20
For SAARC NAtionals Rs 200
For Foreign Nationals Rs 500
Children under 10 years Free
Elephant ride for about 2 hrs. - Rs 550 - (Nepali's Rs 100)
Fishing permit - Rs 300 - (Nepali's Rs 20)
Camping per night per person - Rs 300 - (Nepali's Rs 20)
Guided jungle walk - Rs 250/400 for half day/full day - (Nepali's Rs 20)
Canoeing - Rs 230 per person
4WD safari - Rs 650 per person
Gharial crocodile breeding centre - included in the park entrance fee
Elephant breeding centre - included in the park entrance fee
Lodges offer all-inclusive packages for 2 to 4 days for those who want everything pre- organised by the lodge guides.